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Erin Wright Writing
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The Difference between Bibliographies and Reference Pages
By Erin Wright
First, let’s cover the similarities: Bibliographies and reference pages (also called reference lists and works cited lists) usually appear at the end of books after appendices but before the index. They occasionally appear at the end of chapters. In journals, they are found at the end of individual articles. Very few documents require both a bibliography and a reference page.
They are generally arranged alphabetically based on the source authors’ last names. Every formal source cited in your text should be included, although the rules for including informal sources (such as personal emails and letters) will depend on the style guide you’re following.
The primary difference between the two is depth: Reference pages only list the sources cited in the document, while bibliographies list all the sources cited in the document along with additional sources that you didn’t mention but still influenced your thought process or understanding of the subject matter.
For example, if you read an article that expanded your general knowledge of Norse mythology, but you don’t cite it in the book you’re writing about Odin, you could choose to list the article in a bibliography, but you wouldn’t list it in a reference page.
The purpose of listing uncited sources in bibliographies is to provide readers with extra information so that they can dig more deeply into the subject themselves and gain a deeper understanding of your point of view.
In fact, annotated bibliographies can include notes that explain why cited and uncited sources have been included.
Formatting varies by style guide : Each style guide has a distinct way of formatting bibliography and reference page entries (e.g., punctuation differences, capitalization differences, and structural differences for multi-author listings); therefore, you should refer to your preferred guide for instructions on how to create in-text citations and source entries.
Regardless of the differences in formatting, most guides recommend including the following basic elements in bibliography and reference page entries:
- Author’s or editor’s last name (or organization name)
- Author’s or editor’s first name or initial
- Article or book title (followed by journal or magazine name if citing an article)
- Publication date
- Periodical name, volume number, and issue number (for articles)
- Publisher and location (for books and other non-journalistic media)
- Pages cited (if referring to specific passages or quoting text)
- URL or Digital Object Identifier (for online sources)
Please note that if you’re following the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style) for publication, you should only use reference pages unless instructed otherwise because the APA discourages its affiliated journals from using bibliographies.*
If you’re not sure which style guide to follow, check out my post “ Which Style Guide Is Best for You? ”
_____________________________
* Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2020), 281.
Updated October 08, 2021
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What is an annotated bibliography?
An annotated bibliography, in its purest form, is simply a list of sources and a description of each source. Aside from being an often required homework assignment in beginning college English courses, the annotated bibliography has a practical use as well. The idea of an annotated bibliography is that it gives you a springboard to write your essay. With this nasty (but helpful!) little tool, you compile all of your sources in their proper citation format and then you describe, briefly, what the content of the source is and its significance to your essay. This way, by the time you are done with your annotated bibliography, you can see what you have to work with, and what you still need more of.
Annotated bibliography vs. works cited/reference page
An annotated bibliography is sometimes confused with a works cited/reference page. Although they do not differ too much, the difference is important. A works cited page (in MLA) or a reference page (in APA) is simply the first part of an annotated bibliography. It is the part where the source is fully cited in the proper format (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.). Your annotated bibliography, however, enhances this. To turn a works cited/reference page into an annotated bibliography, you must add the description of the source and its content. Here’s a comparison of a works cited vs. an annotated bibliography:
Reference list (in APA format):
Balkrishna, A., Guar, V., Telley, S. (2009). Effect of a yoga practice session and yoga theory session on state anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109 (3), 924-930.
A nnotated bibliography (in APA format):
Balkrishna, A., Guar, V., Telley, S. (2009). Effect of a yoga practice session and yoga theory session on state anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109 (3), 924-930.
This study took 300 participants who were unfamiliar with yoga and tested the effects of this ancient method on reducing the participants’ State Anxiety. Participants were assigned to either the yoga practice group or the yoga theory group. Before and after a 2 hour session, participants’ State Anxiety scores were tested via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Both groups showed significant decrease in anxiety symptoms after the session. The anxiety scores of the yoga practice group decreased by 14.5% and the yoga theory group’s scores declined by 3.4%.
Note: It is important that everything except the first line of the citation is indented one half inch—this is called a hanging indentation. In both an annotated bibliography and a good old-fashioned works cited page, everything related to that particular source is indented except for the first line with the author’s name at the beginning. This is true for both APA and MLA formatting.
What should be in an annotated bibliography?
As previously stated, first you’ll want to put the source into the proper citation format (whichever one is assigned to you by your professor). Then comes the “annotated” aspect of the annotated bibliography. This part is simply a description of your source, but be sure to put what is relevant about it. Random details may be interesting, but you will probably have a rather short amount of space to sum up an entire work, so your annotation should “cut to the chase,” so to speak. If you are writing an annotated bibliography for a research article, then write what is pertinent to your paper (or what you think will be pertinent to it). If you are writing an annotated bibliography for an argumentative paper, then include the parts of the text that will be important for backing your argument. Even if this is an assignment, make it count. Take advantage of your annotated bibliography to help you organize your material and form a better essay.
Make it make sense
The last thing to remember when you are writing your annotated bibliography is to make it make sense. By this, I mean making it fluid. In the annotated bibliography example above, the annotation begins by introducing the study and the participants. Then it progresses into what the study entailed and what the participants did. At the end, it sums up the study by showing the results. The annotation has a consistent rhythm and can easily be followed by the reader. As with an essay, have a plan as to how you want the annotation to pan out. Start with one subject matter or idea then neatly segue into another. This will make your ideas and the text’s content much easier to follow.
- Key Differences
Know the Differences & Comparisons
Difference Between Reference and Bibliography
Last updated on October 1, 2019 by Surbhi S
Reference and Bibliography is an important part of any project under study because it helps in acknowledging other’s work and also help the readers in finding the original sources of information. It not only prevents plagiarism but also indicates that the writer has done good research on the subject by using a variety of sources to gain information.
Read out the article to know the differences between reference and bibliography.
Content: Reference Vs Bibliography
Comparison chart, definition of reference.
Reference can be understood as the act of giving credit to or mentioning the name of, someone or something. In research methodology, it denotes the items which you have reviewed and referred to, in the text, in your research work. It is nothing but a way to acknowledge or indirectly showing gratitude, towards the sources from where the information is gathered.
While using references, one thing is to be noted that you go for reliable sources only, because it increases credence and also supports your arguments. It may include, books, research papers, or articles from magazines, journals, newspapers, etc., interview transcripts, internet sources such as websites, blogs, videos watched, and so forth.
These are used to inform the reader about the sources of direct quotations, tables, statistics, photos etc. that are included in the research work.
Definition of Bibliography
At the end of the research report, bibliography is added, which contains a list of books, magazines, journals, websites or other publications which are in some way relevant to the topic under study, that has been consulted by the researcher during the research. In finer terms, it comprises of all the references cited in the form of footnotes and other important works that the author has studied.
The bibliography is helpful to the reader in gaining information regarding the literature available on the topic and what influenced the author. For better presentation and convenient reading, the bibliography can be grouped into two parts, wherein the first part lists out the names of books and pamphlets consulted, and the other contains the names of magazines and newspapers considered.
Types of Bibliography
- Bibliography of works cited : It contains the name of those books whose content has been cited in the text of the research report.
- Selected Bibliography : As it is evident from the name itself, selected bibliography covers only those works which the author assumes that are of major interest to the reader.
- Annotated Bibliography : In this type of bibliography, a small description of the items covered is given by the author to ensure readability and also improve the usefulness of the book.
Key Differences Between Reference and Bibliography
The difference between reference and bibliography can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:
- Reference implies referring to someone or something, that means it provides the list of sources, whose text is used in the assignment or research work. Conversely, bibliography represents the list of all the sources, from which the research has gained some information about the topic, irrespective of the work cited or not.
- References are based on primary sources, whereas bibliography is created on the basis of primary and secondary sources.
- References used in the assignment can be arranged alphabetically or numerically. On the contrary, list of sources used in the bibliography is arranged numerically.
- The bibliography is used to list out everything you go through to obtain the information relating to the assignment, no matter if you specifically cite it in your assignment or not. Now coming to references, it only takes into account those sources which have been cited in the assignment.
- The main objective of adding a reference at the end of the document is to improve credence or support an idea or argument. As against, the bibliography is not used for supporting an argument.
- While reference is used in thesis and dissertation. On the other hand, bibliography is used in case of journal paper and research work.
To sum up, references and bibliography are almost same, but there are only subtle differences between the two, which lies in the items which are included in them. The primary use of references is to get recognition and authentication of the research work, whereas bibliography is appended with the aim of giving the reader the information on the sources relating to the topic.
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manjitha says
October 5, 2019 at 9:56 am
It was so helpful to study easily. Easy to understand. Gud job
November 5, 2019 at 6:41 am
Thanks for the work.
Amirjan Samim says
November 11, 2019 at 11:22 pm
All of the descriptions and information about the “reference and bibliography” and the difference between them are useful for the readers. Since both terms are closely related, this is why both terms are sometimes confusing for some people. Thanks for the helpful explanations you have given about the two terms mentioned above.
Chiranjit Singha says
January 20, 2020 at 8:01 pm
This webpage is very helpful and easy to understand, Thanks all of you sir.
Maya Zita says
February 10, 2020 at 2:19 pm
Very helpful for my studies… Best explained, thank you very much for this upload.
Amit Kumar Das says
May 6, 2020 at 8:07 pm
Excellent..
Nidhi Suhag says
June 27, 2020 at 9:40 am
very well explained. thanks for sharing such an informative upload.
Ishaka Ibrahim says
March 2, 2021 at 2:07 pm
Very interesting and educative write up but would like to see reference/source of the work.
hassan sakaba says
March 25, 2021 at 5:23 pm
April 8, 2021 at 3:29 pm
Very helpful However I had a doubt regarding the placement of bibliography. Usually references are placed after the main body and conclusion. But where is bibliography placed?
Aladuge says
August 28, 2021 at 1:39 pm
This is a wonderful piece. Thanks for a job well done
Darlington mwape says
September 8, 2022 at 2:17 pm
Thanks for this wonderful piece of information but iam going with S. N says
I had a doubt regarding the placement of bibliography. Usually references are placed after the main body and conclusion. But where is bibliography placed?
OMVITI NOBERT says
January 13, 2023 at 4:41 pm
The comparisons are very good. Thank you. Be blessed more in wisdom.
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- What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format
What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
Scribbr’s free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless MLA citation
An example of an annotated source is shown below:
Table of contents
Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.
Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide you’re working with. Three common styles are covered below:
In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.
The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.
The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.
Chicago style
In a Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.
The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style you’re using.
The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.
Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for:
- Descriptive annotations : When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key arguments and methods of each source.
- Evaluative annotations : When the assignment is about evaluating the sources , you should also assess the validity and effectiveness of these arguments and methods.
- Reflective annotations : When the assignment is part of a larger research process, you need to consider the relevance and usefulness of the sources to your own research.
These specific terms won’t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.
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A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.
In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a source’s abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . You’ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.
The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.
Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340
An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the source’s arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .
For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.
Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.
A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source’s usefulness or relevance to your own research.
Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.
The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author’s own research in the field of media studies.
Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319–331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645
Manovich’s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.
The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.
Before you can write your annotations, you’ll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.
Make sure that you’ve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.
Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they’re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it’s probably important.
Once you’ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.
An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.
Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !
Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .
The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .
A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.
However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.
You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/
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Does An Annotated Bibliography Need A Reference List?
Annotations. … The annotated bibliography looks like a Reference page but includes an annotation after each source cited . An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.
What is an annotated reference page?
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents . Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
What is the difference between a reference page and an annotated bibliography?
A Works Cited list (or a References list in APA) is a formatted list of all the sources cited within your essay. … These would still be formatted in MLA or APA style as directed by your instructor. An annotated bibliography adds a summary (annotation) for each source .
Does an annotated bibliography need a conclusion?
Note that you don’t need to summarise everything in your annotated bibliography. It will usually comprise a single coherent paragraph, but sometimes you will be asked to provide a shorter summary in just one or two sentences.
What annotated bibliography?
An annotated bibliography provides a brief account of the available research on a given topic . It is a list of research sources that includes concise descriptions and evaluations of each source. The annotation usually contains a brief summary of content and a short analysis or evaluation.
What is an example of annotation?
Frequency: The definition of an annotation is an added note that explains something in a text. The definition of an archaic term in the Bible, listed on the bottom of the page , is an example of an annotation.
How do you set up an annotated bibliography?
Basic Tips on Writing and Formatting
- Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
- Start with the same format as a regular Works Cited list.
- All lines should be double-spaced. …
- If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
What are the 3 parts of an annotated bibliography?
What are the 3 parts of an annotated bibliography? The three different parts of an annotated bibliography include the title, annotation, and citation . The title and citation format will vary based on the style you use. The annotation can include a summary, evaluation, or reflection.
What does an APA 7 annotated bibliography look like?
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source.
What is APA Style annotated bibliography?
What is the difference between a reference list and bibliography.
A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work. A bibliography is a detailed list of references cited in your work, plus the background readings or other material that you may have read, but not actually cited.
What are 3 types of annotations?
Types of Annotations
- Descriptive.
- Evaluative.
- Informative.
- Combination.
What does annotate mean in zoom?
Annotate: Allow or prevent participants from annotating on your shared screen . Show Names of Annotators: Show or hide the participants’ names when they are annotating on a screen share. If set to show, the participant’s name will briefly display beside their annotation.
Why do we annotate?
Why Annotate? By annotating a text, you will ensure that you understand what is happening in a text after you’ve read it . As you annotate, you should note the author’s main points, shifts in the message or perspective of the text, key areas of focus, and your own thoughts as you read.
What are 3 annotation notes that could be made in a text?
The 3 types of annotation include descriptive, summary, and evaluation .
How do you write a good annotation?
How do you annotate?
- Summarize key points in your own words.
- Circle key concepts and phrases.
- Write brief comments and questions in the margins.
- Use abbreviations and symbols.
- Highlight/underline.
- Use comment and highlight features built into pdfs, online/digital textbooks, or other apps and browser add-ons.
What are the annotation techniques?
- HIGHLIGHTING/UNDERLINING. Highlighting or underlining key words and phrases or major ideas is the most common form of annotating texts. …
- PARAPHRASE/SUMMARY OF MAIN IDEAS. …
- DESCRIPTIVE OUTLINE. …
- COMMENTS/RESPONSES.
Where does the annotated bibliography go in a paper?
Title your reference page as “Annotated Bibliography” or “Annotated List of Works Cited .” Place each annotation after its reference.
Which is a correct bibliography entry?
Examples of Bibliography Formats
The most basic information that each reference should have is the author’s name, the title, the date, and the source . Different types of sources have different formatting in the bibliography.
How many sources should an annotated bibliography have?
As you conduct your research for your research writing project, compile an annotated bibliography with 15-20 entries . Each entry in your annotated bibliography should contain a citation, a brief summary of the cited material.
How do we write a conclusion?
Here are four key tips for writing stronger conclusions that leave a lasting impression:
- Include a topic sentence. Conclusions should always begin with a topic sentence. …
- Use your introductory paragraph as a guide. …
- Summarize the main ideas. …
- Appeal to the reader’s emotions. …
- Include a closing sentence.
How do you write an annotated bibliography fast?
If you need a quick way to remember the steps in writing an annotated bibliography, just remember CSE: Cite, Summarize, Evaluate . … How to Write an Annotated Bibliography that Works
- Step 1: Cite your source in proper APA, MLA, or other required citation style. …
- Step 2: Summarize the source. …
- Step 3: Evaluate the source.
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Difference Between Bibliography and Annotated Bibliography
September 11, 2014 Posted by Admin
Bibliography vs Annotated Bibliography
In order to properly provide information about the references used in the article, one should know the difference between bibliography and annotated bibliography. Academic documents and essays require copious amounts of reference material and support documents to help prove the points discussed within. It is through extensive research that one finds these. Academic research documents also require a list of references to be attached to the primary document and this list usually found at the end of an essay is referred to as a bibliography. Bibliographies can be written in different ways and bibliography and annotated bibliography are two terms that one comes across when it comes to these documents. So what is the difference between bibliography and annotated bibliography?
What is a Bibliography?
A bibliography, usually found at the end of an academic text provides a list of sources from which information has been gleaned, cited or consulted for the project. It is usually composed in alphabetical order according to the name of the author of the reference material. The main purpose of a bibliography is to give due credits to the author of the texts that have been cited or referenced in the document. Other purposes are to help the reader locate the evidence related to the project at hand as well as to help the reader find extended reading upon the subject if he or she desires so. An entry on a bibliography usually consists of the author, title of the source, publication information and the date. However, there are various ways of composing a bibliography such as MLA, APA, Turabian, etc. The manner in which the references are stated depends upon the style used. A bibliography is also sometimes referred to as works cited .
What is an Annotated Bibliography?
An annotated bibliography is also a list of available references upon a topic that has been referred to or has been cited in the project concerned. Each entry in an annotated bibliography gives a brief account of the references provided with concise descriptions and evaluations covering each entry.
An annotated bibliography can be either part of a larger project or a standalone project of its own. A short analysis or a summary of the resource is given with each entry. It showcases the quality and the amount of research that has gone into the project as well as exhibits the relevance of each source to the project. It also shows the depth of reading the author has accomplished in relation to the project. Not only is this useful to the reader, it is useful to the author of the project as well in realizing how relevant his or her resource is to the project at hand.
What is the difference between Bibliography and Annotated Bibliography?
Bibliographies are essential when it comes to any academic text whether it be a dissertation, research paper, etc. While there are many ways of composing a bibliography, there are many types of bibliographies as well. While one can go for a standard bibliography, an annotated bibliography is also an option. Both can be written in accordance with many formats such as MLA, APA, etc. and both give the reader a list of references that has been used in the essay. So what exactly is the difference between bibliography and annotated bibliography?
• A bibliography simply consists of a list of references. An annotated bibliography in addition to the list gives a brief summary or an account of the reference involved.
• An annotated bibliography may help the author of the essay realize the relevance of the reference when composing the document. A basic bibliography may not give the researcher this advantage due to the brevity of the document.
Further Reading:
- Difference Between Bibliography and Works Cited
- Difference Between Bibliography and Citation
- Difference Between Bibliography and Reference List
Related posts:
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A Guide to Writing an Annotated Bibliography – Format, Structure, and Expert Tips
by Antony W
April 17, 2021
Have you written an annotated bibliography before instead of a simple list of sources and citations? It adds instant credibility to your work and shows that you did your research. In school, your instructor might ask that you use an annotated bibliography.
In addition to being peer-reviewed, scholarly work gains credibility from the sources or references used. When you include an annotated bibliography, you prove that you dug deep and wide into the subject matter to your audience. In this guide, you will learn how to write a perfect one for your paper or assignment.
Which Phrase Best Defines an Annotated Bibliography?
An annotated bibliography is a summary of sources used in a research project, organized in a list, and represented by a citation style. So as the name suggests, they are bibliographies with added annotations to describe the source.
The annotation helps readers to determine the relevance of the work to the research topic. It makes the annotated bibliography unique compared to the usual type of bibliography, which has plain listings with no descriptions included.
Each annotation in the list should have a length of about 150 words, but the list of sources could be endless. Given the annotation's brevity, it should be as concise as possible while giving useful information to the reader. This annotation can be objective, subjective, descriptive, or analytical.
What are the Types of Annotated Bibliography
The kind of annotation used in the bibliography determines what kind it is. There are two main types of annotated bibliography. Also, the author is free to add his own opinion of the source or remain purely subjective.
- Descriptive : a descriptive annotation describes the source with the view of informing the reader of its most distinctive points. As such, it is also called an informative or summary bibliography. However, it does not analyze the author’s conclusions.
- Analytical or critical bibliography : In addition to describing the source and the author’s main points, the analytical bibliography also analyzes the source publication for relevancy, and identifies its strong points and weaknesses. It is also called an evaluative bibliography.
The annotation makes this type of bibliography unique from other types of source lists, including abstracts, works cited, reference pages, and literature reviews.
In the next section, we shall take a brief look into the major differences between them.
Annotated Bibliography vs. Abstract vs. Works Cited vs. Reference Page vs. Literature Review
Annotated bibliography vs. abstract.
Abstracts are purely descriptive summaries of a work usually given at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or periodical indexes.
They do not contain any evaluation or opinion about the source, while an annotation will often examine the author's relevance, point of view, authority, and clarity.
Annotated Bibliography vs. Works Cited
A works cited is a separate page of the references used in the research used in your paper.
The annotated bibliography will have a list of references used. However, it will also carry an extra annotation to describe what information the source has.
Annotated bibliography vs. Reference page
A reference page is simply an author's list of all the sources used in a publication, including books, journals, articles, and magazines.
It is usually found on the last page of a publication and is listed as 'References.'
An annotated bibliography is more detailed thanks to the annotation.
Annotated bibliography vs. Literature review
An annotated bibliography is very brief and is usually limited to 150 words for every source. Its organization can be either chronological or alphabetical.
A literature review is a more in-depth study of references regarding a theme or topic.
What Makes a Good Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is judged by how it will summarize the works cited. Some of the criteria used to define a good one include the following:
- Relevance to the work or topic of interest
- Completeness and conciseness of its annotations regarding the sources
- Strengths, weaknesses, and biases in the material, if any.
- Relevance to the type of audience for whom it is written
- The purpose of the work
With this in mind, you can write an excellent annotated bibliography for any paper.
However, let us first show you how it should be structured and what it contains.
How to Write an Annotated Bibliography Step by Step
When it comes to writing an annotated bibliography step by step, you have to think about the information that you meant to pass on to the reader.
It helps to have a checklist so that your annotations can be as complete as possible.
Ask yourself these questions, and their answers will help you write better annotations.
How to Write an Annotated Bibliography Step by Step
When it comes to writing an annotated bibliography step by step, you have to think about the information that you meant to pass on to the reader.
- What is the main focus of the work?
- What is the intended audience?
- How useful is it in the field or how relevant is it to the work?
- What are the source's unique features, and is it particularly helpful?
- What is the background and credibility of the author?
- What conclusions or observations did the author reach?
- What conclusions and observations do you have about the work?
The Step by Step Process
To start writing an annotated bibliography, you need to come up with relevant sources for your topic. That means visiting the library and taking out books, checking online for journals, and collecting records and other materials.
You will have to read at least some part of the source to get a clear idea of what it is about or check out literature reviews, which cite it as a source.
Otherwise, you probably will already have read it and will have no problem summarizing the main points used.
The Right Way to Structure an Annotated Bibliography’s Outline
An annotated bibliography has two main parts. These are citation or reference entry for the source, and the annotation in paragraph form. The annotation needs to be in a revelation style such as APA, MLA, and Chicago style.
Start by creating a reference list of each source in alphabetical order and the right format or citation style. Then, under each reference, write the annotation paragraph in your own words. Do not copy the source's abstract, and do not paraphrase or quote.
Finish by indenting the entire annotation. If it has multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph in addition to the first indentation. Repeat this procedure for all the included references.
Apart from indentation, please note that there are rules associated with how you should write your annotated entries. These include:
- Double-space the entry and annotation
- Start the numbering on the title page at the top right of the page
- The reference list must have a hanging indent
- 1-inch margins all around the page
- Use a serif font such as Times New Roman
Citation Styles for an Annotated Bibliography
The two major citation styles for an annotated bibliography are APA and MLA. However, the Chicago style is also used sometimes.
Usually, your instructor will give you specific regulations regarding what style you should use.
In the absence of such instructions, APA is used mostly in the social sciences such as Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, education, and other similar fields. The Languages, Arts, and Humanities use MLA style.
The best way to see the two major styles in action is through simple examples.
Annotated Bibliography Sample
Stark, R. (1997). The rise of Christianity: A sociologist reconsiders history. New York, New Jersey: HarperOne.
The author explores the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire and how, contrary to popular belief, it attracted the high and mighty of the age. With a rich background of historical expertise, the author explores what it was that drew the rich and powerful together with the poor and afflicted toward a small movement in one corner of the Roman Empire. Blunt, spirited, and unconventional, the book debunks common myths about the rise of Christianity. However, the sociological approach is narrow and requires the reader to be more open-minded.
Stark, Rodney. The Rise of Christianity: a Sociologist Reconsiders History. HarperOne, 1997.
Chicago Style
Stark, Rodney. The Rise of Christianity: a Sociologist Reconsiders History. New York, New Jersey: HarperOne, 1997.
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Annotated Bibliography
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An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.
Basic Tips on Formatting
- Start with the same format as a regular References list.
- The first line of the citation starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches (hanging indent).
- The annotation begins on a new line and is indented 0.5 inches from the left margin.
- Entries are double-spaced with no extra lines between entries.
- If the annotation consists of more than one paragraph, indent the first line of each successive paragraph an additional 0.5 inches.
- Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me).
Sample Evaluative Annotation
Maak, T. (2007). Responsible leadership, stakeholder engagement, and the emergence of social capital. Journal of Business Ethics , 74 , 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9510-5
This article focuses on the role of social capital in responsible leadership. It looks at both the social networks that a leader builds within an organization, and the links that a leader creates with external stakeholders. Maak’s main aim with this article seems to be to persuade people of the importance of continued research into the abilities that a leader requires and how they can be acquired. The focus on the world of multinational business means that for readers outside this world many of the conclusions seem rather obvious (be part of the solution not part of the problem). In spite of this, the article provides useful background information on the topic of responsible leadership and definitions of social capital which are relevant to an analysis of a public servant.
Useful Links for Annotated Bibliographies
The formatting of annotated bibliographies can vary. The University Libraries recommend the format exhibited in the examples below, but if you are still unsure what format to use, ask your professor.
- Includes a sample of one APA annotation (from the Purdue OWL).
- A guide covering the basics of writing an annotated bibliography.
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- Next: Citation Software >>
Reference Lists Versus Bibliographies
References are used to document and substantiate statements made in the paper.
APA publications and other publishers and institutions using APA Style generally require reference lists, not bibliographies. A reference list contains works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography provides works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes (e.g., an annotated bibliography).
The Publication Manual (see Section 9.51) provides formatting guidance and examples for annotated bibliographies. Annotated bibliographies can also be created with APA’s cloud-based writing and research software called Academic Writer .
This guidance is new to the 7th edition.
Related handout
- Creating an APA Style Reference List (PDF, 179KB)
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Annotated Bibliographies
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This handout provides information about annotated bibliographies in MLA, APA, and CMS.
Definitions
A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).
An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources. Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following.
For more help, see our handout on paraphrasing sources.
For more help, see our handouts on evaluating resources .
- Reflect : Once you've summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic?
Your annotated bibliography may include some of these, all of these, or even others. If you're doing this for a class, you should get specific guidelines from your instructor.
Why should I write an annotated bibliography?
To learn about your topic : Writing an annotated bibliography is excellent preparation for a research project. Just collecting sources for a bibliography is useful, but when you have to write annotations for each source, you're forced to read each source more carefully. You begin to read more critically instead of just collecting information. At the professional level, annotated bibliographies allow you to see what has been done in the literature and where your own research or scholarship can fit. To help you formulate a thesis: Every good research paper is an argument. The purpose of research is to state and support a thesis. So, a very important part of research is developing a thesis that is debatable, interesting, and current. Writing an annotated bibliography can help you gain a good perspective on what is being said about your topic. By reading and responding to a variety of sources on a topic, you'll start to see what the issues are, what people are arguing about, and you'll then be able to develop your own point of view.
To help other researchers : Extensive and scholarly annotated bibliographies are sometimes published. They provide a comprehensive overview of everything important that has been and is being said about that topic. You may not ever get your annotated bibliography published, but as a researcher, you might want to look for one that has been published about your topic.
The format of an annotated bibliography can vary, so if you're doing one for a class, it's important to ask for specific guidelines.
The bibliographic information : Generally, though, the bibliographic information of the source (the title, author, publisher, date, etc.) is written in either MLA or APA format. For more help with formatting, see our MLA handout . For APA, go here: APA handout .
The annotations: The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. The lengths of the annotations can vary significantly from a couple of sentences to a couple of pages. The length will depend on the purpose. If you're just writing summaries of your sources, the annotations may not be very long. However, if you are writing an extensive analysis of each source, you'll need more space.
You can focus your annotations for your own needs. A few sentences of general summary followed by several sentences of how you can fit the work into your larger paper or project can serve you well when you go to draft.
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Works Cited vs. References vs. Bibliography
Knowing the proper term for your paper’s list of citations can be confusing. Do I call it a works cited page? Should it actually be called a bibliography? How is it different from a reference list? In this article, we explain what these three terms mean and how they are different or related to one another.
To begin, each citation style has its own way of naming the list of sources you used in your paper. Here we break down the differences in these list types, so that you can better understand which option works best for your work.
Works Cited
A “Works Cited” list is an alphabetical list of works cited, or sources you specifically called out while composing your paper. All works that you have quoted or paraphrased should be included. Works Cited is generally used when citing sources using MLA format (Modern Language Association) style, and sources should be listed in alphabetical order by author’s last name.
Example Works Cited entry :
Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution. Oxford UP, 2007.
References or “Reference List”
A “Reference List” is very similar to a Works Cited list, and is a term used when citing sources using APA format (American Psychological Association) style. The page should be titled “References,” and is arranged alphabetically by author last name.
Example References entry :
Middlekauff, R. (2007). The glorious cause: The American Revolution . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Bibliography
Bibliographies, on the other hand, differ greatly from Works Cited and References lists. In Works Cited and References, you only list items you have actually referred to and cited in your paper. A Bibliography, meanwhile, lists all the material you have consulted in preparing your essay, whether you have actually referred to and cited the work or not. This includes all sources that you have used in order to do any research. Bibliographies are often used in Chicago and Turabian citation styles. They usually contain a long reference that has a corresponding footnote within the body of the paper.
Example Bibliography entry :
Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.
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APA annotated bibliography
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An annotated bibliography is a special type of bibliography that provides additional information about the sources listed in the references list. The additional information about a source is called an annotation. An annotation can be given for all types of sources such as journals, books, or reports. The length of the annotation can extend up to 150 words.
Aim of an annotated bibliography
The aim of an annotated bibliography is to either provide details of the topics discussed in the source or assess the source. The primary goal of adding an annotation is to give the reader the significance, merit, and benefit of using a source. Never try to provide proof, take the author’s text verbatim, or discuss irrelevant points in your annotation.
Classification of annotations
Annotations are classified into two types:
Descriptive
The descriptive type gives crucial details of the source or describes the source. It gives insight into the topic covered in the source. It can also explain the purpose of the source.
An evaluative annotation analyzes a source. It explores a source and shows its relevance by examining its preciseness. An evaluative annotation tries to correlate the source with other recognized sources or studies on the same topic. It may also talk about the merits and demerits of a source.
Parts of an annotated bibliography
An annotated bibliography consists of
- The citation
- The annotation
The citation includes all components of a source. For example, the author, book title, publisher, and publication year are important components to be included in a book citation.
Fairclough, N. (2015). Language and power . Routledge.
The annotation provides the necessary fundamental details of the source. As mentioned, the details can be either descriptive or evaluative.
Descriptive annotation
It gives a brief description of all relevant information of the source. The below example is taken from Fairclough (2015). Complete information of the source is given below the annotation.
The book focuses on how language functions in maintaining and changing power relations in modern society, the ways of analyzing language which can reveal these processes, and how people can become more conscious of them, as well as more able to resist and change them. Norman Fairclough includes a substantial new introduction and brings the discussion up to date. He shows both the importance of the book in the development of critical discourse analysis over the past three decades and how language and power relations have changed due to major socioeconomic changes.
Evaluative annotation
An evaluative annotation mirrors the views of the author, highlights the benefits of the work, and also provides a detailed evaluation of the source.
This book of Fairclough is a preamble to the study of discourse analysis. The book shows its steady importance and contribution to language and power. The book clearly illustrates the relationship between language and power with sufficient evidence. The book is important for students pursuing discourse analysis and other related fields.
Rules for creating annotated bibliographies
- The annotation is added after the reference-list entry of a source.
- The annotation extends up to 150 words.
- Both phrases and full sentences are permitted in the annotation.
- Write the annotation in a single paragraph. However, if you want to include multiple paragraphs, indent the second and subsequent paragraphs. However, the paragraphs should not have any extra line spaces in between.
Writing annotated bibliographies
To write an annotated bibliography in APA, follow the below guidelines:
- The annotation should be short and concise.
- Use various links such as “while,” “but,” and “in addition” to connect sentences. This will enhance the readability of your content.
- Do not use words that serve no purpose in your sentences.
- Avoid very long sentences.
- Put forth your views directly.
- Avoid contractions such as “won’t” and ‘isn’t” in the annotation.
Formatting annotated bibliographies
To format an annotated bibliography in APA, follow the below recommendations:
- Begin your annotated bibliography on a new page after the end of the body text.
- The annotated bibliography appears before the figures, tables, and appendices.
- Set the left, right, top, and bottom margins at 1 inch.
- The lines are double-spaced.
- The title should be “Annotated Bibliography.” Format the heading in bold.
- Center align the title to the page.
- All references are aligned left in the annotated bibliography. For entries running over more than a line, provide 0.5 inches indent to the second and subsequent lines from the left margin.
- Entries are arranged according to the alphabetical arrangement of the author’s surnames.
- Each annotation is added below its corresponding reference entry. Annotations are indented 0.5 inches from the left margin.
Arranging annotated bibliographies
There is no need to look at annotations for arranging them. Arrange the reference entries alphabetically per the author’s surname and place the annotation below the corresponding entry.
For references without authors, arrange the entries by their title.
Example annotated bibliography
The below example shows an annotated bibliography:
- Annotated Bibliography
Lim, L. (2014). Ideology, rationality and reproduction in education: A critical discourse analysis. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35 (1), 61–76. https://doi:10.1080/01596306.2012.739467
Lim focuses on problems of power and perception dominant in academic discourses of logic to study a discourse analysis of the goals of the most important subjects in teaching thinking. He proves that social and group responsibilities are reproduced as thinking that is treasured by all in society. Through his research, Lim asserts that such courses retain our understanding of thinking and reasoning. It must enhance the social reproduction of a specific proportion of the normal group of people.
Key takeaways
- An annotated bibliography is a special type of bibliography that provides additional information about the sources listed in the references list.
- The aim of an annotated bibliography is to either provide details of the topics discussed in the source or assess the source.
- The two types of annotations are descriptive and evaluative.
- The heading should be “Annotated Bibliography.”
- Annotation can be written up to 150 words.
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Works Cited vs. Bibliography vs. APA References
You’ve come to the end of your paper and now you need to cite your sources. Should you use a works cited page now? Or, is it a list of references? What’s the difference for a bibliography vs. reference lists? Knowing the answer for what citation format to use comes down to the topic and whether your paper is MLA, APA or Chicago style. Using this knowledge, learn if you should use a bibliography vs. works cited or APA references.
Using MLA Works Cited
Usually, in high school English and even many college classes, your teacher will tell you to use MLA style . MLA, which stands for Modern Language Association , is used when writing about language, literature and other humanities subjects. MLA format uses a “works cited” page.
Works cited is a reference list of all the sources you actually used while writing your paper. You’ll list your citations in alphabetical order. Also, remember that you’ll create a works cited in addition to parenthetical citations used after paraphrased or quoted information that includes the author and page.
An example of a works cited page looks like this:
Works Cited
Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird . Cornerstone, 1989.
Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . Penguin Press, 2016.
When to Use APA Style References
In college, particularly in the social and behavioral sciences, such as psychology and sociology, you may be required to format your paper in the APA style . APA, which stands for American Psychology Association, uses a simple author-date citation style for in-text citations and a “references” page at the end.
Much like the MLA works cited, the APA references will include all the sources that you cited in your paper. So, what that means is that information for every quote cited in your paper needs to appear in your list of references.
References will look like:
Lee, H. (1989). To Kill A Mockingbird. Cornerstone.
Smith, Z. (2016). Swing Time. Penguin Press.
What’s the Difference: Bibliography vs. Reference List?
A bibliography, on the other hand, is a list of all the sources you consulted to write your paper. Even if you did not use them directly in your paper, you’ll still list them in your bibliography. This is a key difference between works cited and bibliography. Keep this in mind when you’re deciding between using a bibliography vs. reference list for your paper.
In order to make sources easier to find, you may section your bibliography by author, type of work, online sources or other designations. Chicago style requires a “bibliography.”
Chicago Style Bibliography Example
Generally, when you are writing in fields such as history, you will create a bibliography using the Chicago notes-biblio style of citation.
Check out an example of a bibliography citation list :
Bibliography
Lee, H. To Kill A Mockingbird. London, Eng: Cornerstone, 1989.
Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.
MLA, APA & Annotated Bibliographies
Although you use reference lists and work cited lists in MLA and APA style, you may also create bibliographies. Your teacher may ask you to develop an annotated bibliography , or you may include a bibliography with your MLA or APA style school research paper.
You will label your bibliography in MLA style as a “works consulted” page. APA style uses the term “bibliography.”
References, Works Cited or Bibliography?
MLA’s work cited page and APA’s references are reference lists, not bibliographies. The big difference is that references and works cited are lists of sources you have quoted or paraphrased within your school paper. Each entry in the body of your paper matches up with information in your reference list. While the exact format of works cited vs. references entries will vary, the main objective is the same.
But, what about a bibliography vs. reference lists? In a bibliography, you will be citing every source you consulted. That’s the main thing to keep in mind when comparing a bibliography vs. works cited lists.
Works Cited, Works Referenced
It may seem confusing, but once you understand the basic differences between a works cited in MLA style, APA references or bibliography, you will have a good grasp on completing your research project. Paying attention to formatting your paper in the correct citation style will make your teacher happy. You are now well on your way to an “A” research paper.
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Q. What’s the difference between a regular bibliography and an annotated bibliography?
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Answered By: Jason Puckett Last Updated: Aug 12, 2021 Views: 3370
A bibliography (sometimes called "works cited" or "references") is a list of citations you have gathered while researching a topic. These citations are created from your sources and provide your reader with important information on your sources, such as author, title, and publication of the source.
An annotated bibliography is everything above, but also includes a paragraph of brief information below each citation. Ask your instructor for specifics o n what they want included in the annotated bibliography as sometimes it can differ , but usually you want to include information that summarizes the source, discusses why you’ve chosen that specific source , and explains how that source is important to your research .
For more details on annotated bibliographies, visit Purdue Owl’s Writing Lab and their page on annotated bibliographies . They will also include an example , if you’d like to see one.
For more help, ask a librarian .
Reviewed 8/12/2021 bgw
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APA Annotated Bibliography Format
The American Psychological Association states that your instructor should set the guidelines for your annotated bibliography, but does ask that the list be formatted according to their standard reference page rules (see Section 9.51 of the Publication Manual ). Since there are no set rules for creating one, you may be wondering how to create an annotated APA bibliography. If your teacher or professor requests one, don’t worry, here are our recommendations:
- Make sure you create your references according to APA’s guidelines. If you need some help, here’s a great APA citation website , which shows how to create references for electronic sources. We also have a page on developing a reference for an APA journal . Need other source types? Check out the other helpful pages on EasyBib.com.
- Annotations should be kept short and are usually not more than one paragraph.
- For more information on writing an annotation, visit the general annotated bibliography guide .
Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:
- Quick APA formatting guidelines
Annotation example
Visual example, using the easybib annotation tool, troubleshooting, quick apa formatting guidelines:.
- Use 1-inch page margins on all sides.
- The entire page should be double-spaced.
- Title your page, “Annotated Bibliography”. Center and bold it.
- Left-align references. If a reference runs over more than one line, any line(s) that comes after the first should be indented a ½ inch from the left margin.
- Organize your references alphabetically by the first word in the reference. (See further details in this APA Reference Page guide).
- Add the annotations on the line right after their corresponding reference.
- Indent annotations ½ inch from the left margin.
- Include a page number in the upper right corner; if this is a professional paper, it should be a running head.
For an annotated bibliography APA example, we’re using the same description as above. The only thing we’re going to change is the structure of the reference. For an APA bibliography, the reference needs to be an APA citation , and the description can be formed the same way as above.
Here’s what the APA book citation for The Elements of Eloquence: Secrets of the Perfect Turn of Phrase looks like:
Forsyth, M. (2014). The elements of eloquence: Secrets of the perfect turn of phrase. Penguin Books.
The author, Mark Forsyth, examines the rhetorical devices used in the English language, analyzing the patterns and formats that create memorable quotes. He traces the history of rhetoric to the Ancient Greeks, and provides an abridged timeline, following their use and evolution through to modern day. The author also explores the broader subject of persuasion and maps out the role that the figures of rhetoric play in it. In all, he examines over thirty devices, dissecting notable passages and phrases from pop music, the plays of William Shakespeare, the Bible, and more to explore the figures of rhetoric at work within each of them. Thorough definitions accompany this examination of structure to demonstrate how these formulas have been used to generate famously memorable expressions as well as how to reproduce their effects.
The EasyBib citation generator has an annotation tool that can help you easily add your annotation to a citation.
- To do this, begin creating a citation in the EasyBib citation generator. Already have a citation on EasyBib.com? Go to the citation, open your citation options and select “Edit citation.”
- Once you get to the citation form (where you review found information), scroll to the bottom until you see the sections “More options.”
- Under that section, click on the “Add annotation” link to open the annotation box.
- Copy and paste your annotation into the box.
- Complete your citation.
- Your annotation will automatically be included and formatted with your citation. You can copy and paste directly into your paper!
Again, even though the APA style does not support the creation of bibliographies that include annotations, many schools and professors expect their students to include summaries or commentary alongside their citations in APA style.
Solution #1: How to write an annotation
Annotations are brief paragraph summaries of your source and may include details about how you plan to use the information in your paper, or the quality of information in your source. Take these steps:
- Read through the source.
- Identify the main thesis theme of the source then consider how you would summarize the article and its purpose in one sentence.
- Evaluate the source. Is the author(s) qualified? Is the source and its arguments credible? Well-written? Why or why not?
- How does the source relate to your paper?
- Write your annotation based on the above steps. Choose only the points that would most help you or your reader gain an understanding of the source and its significance.
Here are writing tips:
- Avoid describing every event, statistic, or detail that occurs in your source.
- Focus on details that are relevant to your topic or your paper. Help the reader understand why the source was selected and is importance.
- Think about how the information impacts your perspective, how it contributes to your topic, and the effect on your overall paper.
Annotated paragraph example:
Solution #2: How to correctly format an annotation with multiple paragraphs
- Indent the entire annotated paragraph at ½ of an inch. When done correctly, the left edge of the annotated paragraph will look entirely straight, as in the first example below.
- If there are multiple paragraphs, follow step one but use a second 0.5-inch indention on the second and following paragraphs.
- Avoid indenting the paragraph at 0.5 inch like a regular essay paragraph, as shown in the third example.
Single annotated paragraph example:
Multiple annotated paragraphs example:
In his novel, “A True Story of John Doe,” Samuel Smith outlines his life through the eyes of a fictional character. His recollection outlines the immigrant experience and demonstrates how modern life in England came to be.
Chapters two and three outline the novelty of moving to a new location by describing the eventual progression to culture shock. Smith describes life as beautiful and wonderous in chapter two by emphasizing sensory experiences. However, in chapter three, he slowly gains awareness of the differences between his current and previous lives and of how the locals treat him. Smith nullifies the sensory experiences and, instead, focuses on the depth of the human emotion. I intend to use this source to compare to my own experience as an immigrant.
APA Formatting Guide
APA Formatting
- Annotated Bibliography
- Block Quotes
- et al Usage
- In-text Citations
- Multiple Authors
- Paraphrasing
- Page Numbers
- Parenthetical Citations
- Reference Page
- Sample Paper
- APA 7 Updates
- View APA Guide
Citation Examples
- Book Chapter
- Journal Article
- Magazine Article
- Newspaper Article
- Website (no author)
- View all APA Examples
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To create an annotated APA bibliography, follow the below recommendations:
- Order your reference entries in alphabetical order similar to how you would order entries in the reference list.
- If you want to add an annotation to an entry, add it as a new paragraph below the reference entry. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inches from the left margin.
For example:
Lim, L. (2014). Ideology, rationality and reproduction in education: A critical discourse analysis. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35 (1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2012.739467 Lim focuses on issues of power and ideology dominant in curricular discourses of rationality to study a discourse analysis of the goals of one of the most important curricula in the teaching of thinking. He proves that political and class commitments are reproduced in the forms of thinking that are valued in societies. Through his research, Lim asserts that such curricula engage in creating our understanding of what thinking and rationality are.
To format an annotated bibliography in APA, follow the recommendations given below:
- Set the left, right, top, and bottom margins as 1 inch.
- Use double-line spacing.
- Title the page “Annotated Bibliography.” Set it in bold.
- The title should be aligned to the center of the page.
- As you format reference entries, left-align all references in the annotated bibliography section. If any entry runs over more than a line, indent the subsequent lines 0.5 inches from the left margin.
- Arrange all reference entries alphabetically according to the surname of the authors.
- Provide your annotations below the reference entry for which you want to give your annotation. Indent annotations 0.5 inches from the left margin.
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So tired of writing papers that you’re starting to think of your professor’s demise? Relax, we’re only joking! However, even a joke is woven with the thread of truth, and the truth is that endless assignments are constantly nagging at you and keeping you up all night long.
‘Writing my papers is unbearable!’ you may think But you’re not alone… What if we told you that we know a magical place where professionals can write your essays so perfectly that even professors’ most sophisticated requirements will be met? You’ve probably already guessed that we’re talking about WritePaperFor.me — the most delightful, facilitating, and destressing custom paper-writing service!
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Why would I ask you to write paper for me?
Despite the obvious and even natural resistance to the idea of paper writing in principle that may occur with any student, you may also ask yourself, ‘Why would I need you to help me write my paper?’ The answer to this question lies in the spectrum of your routine actions. It’s not surprising that studying becomes part of our lives, but sometimes we’ve just got too much going on!
When you write an essay or academic paper, you just do one of the numerous things you face daily or weekly. This part of your life consumes lots of energy and time, so how can you possibly get around to doing other things like having fun, working, playing sports, helping relatives, and spending time with friends?
People are social creatures, and it’s only natural of us to request help from experts.. That’s why we ask doctors, electricians, or plumbers to help us! They’re all specialists. Who writes essays for you better than you do? Right, people who write numerous essays every day. We are experts in academic writing, aimed at satisfying all your needs related to education.
You just hire a professional to get a paper written, like you normally do in other situations. Our team of writers know everything about writing your paper and can cope with assignments of any complexity and academic level. Well-researched and expertly-written papers are what we do for our customers, and we always do our work professionally so that you could kick back and enjoy your life to the fullest.
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Money-Back Guarantee. You can get up to a 100% refund if you are dissatisfied with our work. Nevertheless, we are completely sure of our writers’ professionalism and credibility that offer you hard-core loyalty to our guarantees.
Comprehensible Explanations. ‘Can someone write my paper for me and provide clarifications?’ This question arises from time to time. Naturally, we want you to be totally prepared for the upcoming battle with your professor. If you need to fill the gaps in your knowledge, you can always ask for clarifications related to your paper. Moreover, when you order ‘write my paper for me’ service, you can always turn to our support agents for assistance. They will be glad to provide you with the necessary information and comprehensible explanations.
Fast and Customer-Focused Solutions. ‘Is it possible to do my paper for me so that I don’t worry about it at all?’ It certainly is! We offer all-encompassing solutions to all your academic problems by defining issues, determining their causes, selecting proper alternatives, and ultimately solving them. You are free to do your favorite activities while we are taking care of ongoing matters. You can always rely on us when it comes to essay-writing online and taking an individual approach to every case.
Who will write my paper when I order it?
Another crucial advantage of our service is our writers. You may have asked yourself, ‘I’d like to pay someone to write a paper for me, but who exactly will that person be?’ Once you order a paper, our managers will choose the best writer based on your requirements. You’ll get a writer who is a true expert in the relevant subject, and a perfect fit is certain to be found due to our thorough procedure of selecting.
Every applicant passes a complex procedure of tests to become one of our permanent writers. First of all, they should provide their credentials. We need to make sure that any prospective writers we hire have the proper experience.. The next step resides in passing a series of tests related to grammar, in addition to subject and/or discipline. Every paper-writer must pass them to prove their competency and their selected field of expertise.
One more step includes writing a sample to prove the ability to research and write consistently. Moreover, we always set our heart on hiring only devoted writers. When you ask us to write your essay or other academic works, you can be sure that they always do their best to provide you with well-structured and properly-written papers of high quality.
The final chord is related to special aspects of academic paper-writing. It means that every writer is prepared to cite properly, use different styles, and so on, so you don’t have to be worried about formatting at all.
‘So, can they write an ideal paper for me?’ We answer in the affirmative because we select only the best writers for our customers. Approximately 11% of all applicants can pass the whole set of tests and are ready to help you. All writers are fully compensated for their work and are highly motivated to provide you with the best results.
We are online 24/7 so that you could monitor the process of paper-writing and contact us whenever necessary. Don’t forget that your satisfaction is our priority. Our writers fully focus on your order when it comes to the ‘write my paper’ procedure. Our managers will immediately send all the information to your writer if any corrections are required.
It’s time to write my paper! What should I do?
‘I am ready to pay to have a paper written! Where do I start?’ Our team hears these words every day. We really believe that every student should be happy. That’s why we offer you to look at the simple steps to make the process even more convenient.
- Fill in the comprehensible order form located on the main page of our website. If you need some help with it, feel free to contact our support team.
- Provide the necessary details, such as the topic, subject or discipline, paper format, your academic level, etc.
- Select the deadline, and we will strictly follow it.
- Pay the total price. Submit a preferred payment method. The full sum will be deposited into your account on our website. The money will be transferred to your writer in case you approve the paper.
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Answered By: Erin McDaniel Last Updated: Feb 13, 2018 Views: 28176
A Works Cited page is a list of the references used in your research or in your paper.
An Annotated Bibliography is a list of the references used in your research or in your paper, and also includes a brief paragraph containing a summary or evaluation of the sources, the annotation. The annotation is there to inform the reader of the significance, relevance, and quality of the reference materials used in the paper.
For more information on Annotated Bibliographies, visit Purdue Owl's Annotated Bibliography guide below.
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Comments (3)
- Thank you for the clarification. I don't see why people are giving this a thumbs down. Its simple. Annotated contains the summary and the formatted reference and then the works cited contains just the formatted reference in the format the instructor wants it in. by Kingslayer on Jan 30, 2018
- I am currently working on a research paper. I understand that the works cited page cites sources that are utilized in the paper, and the bibliography cites sources that were not used. I also know that the bibliography is usually longer. My question is: Do you include the sources in your work cited page in your bibliography? by Just a Question on Feb 10, 2018
- laurenk2021, it would be unusual for an instructor to require both a works cited page and a bibliography. You should consult your instructor to see what they require. by Kathryn Park on Feb 15, 2018
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Annotated Bibliography Vs Reference Page
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Difference Between Bibliography and Annotated Bibliography . . . References vs Bibliography - Tools for Effective Writing . . . Annotated Bibliographies - APA 7th Edition Guide . . . Annotated Bibliography | Writing & Speaking Center . . . Annotated Bibliographies // Purdue Writing Lab Reference lists versus bibliographies Difference Between Bibliography and References . . . The Annotated Bibliography - How to Prepare an Annotated . . . Difference Between Citation & Annotated Bibliographies . . . Formatting: APA - Annotated Bibliographies - LibGuides at . . . Travel And Tourism Essay Stray Animals Essay Crime Essay Bibliography vs Annotated Bibliography In order to properly provide information about the references used in the article, one should know the difference between bibliography and annotated bibliography . Academic documents and essays require copious amounts of reference material and support documents to help prove the points discussed within . It is through extensive research that one finds these . References include sources that have been directly cited in your paper . For each source, you will have at least one in-text citation in the body of your paper . The citation styles that use reference lists include APA citations, AMA citations, and MLA citations . Bibliographies, on the other hand, contain all the sources that you have used for . . . Formatting an Annotated Bibliography . An annotated bibliography includes: a title page , and; the annotated bibliography which begins on its own page with the word References bolded and centered at the top of the page .; Each entry begins with an APA reference for the resource with the annotation appearing directly beneath . Annotated bibliography vs . works cited/ reference page . An annotated bibliography is sometimes confused with a works cited/ reference page . Although they do not differ too much, the difference is important . A works cited page (in MLA) or a reference page (in APA) is simply the first part of an annotated bibliography . Definitions . A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc .) one has used for researching a topic . Bibliographies are sometimes called " References " or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using . A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i .e ., the author, title, publisher, etc .) . A reference list contains works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography provides works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes (e .g ., an annotated bibliography ) . The Publication Manual (see Section 9 .51) provides formatting guidance and examples for annotated . . . www .differencebetween .net /language/difference-between-bibliography-and-references/ Difference Between Bibliography and References Bibliography vs References People most of the time do not think that there is any difference between bibliography and references . They often mistake the two to be the same . However, they are different and used in different contexts with each essay or article or book . Bibliography is listing all the materials that have been consulted […] Sample Annotated Bibliography Entries . The following example uses APA style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, 2019) for the journal citation:Waite, L ., Goldschneider, F ., & Witsberger, C . (1986) . Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults . An annotated bibliography is much longer than a reference page because of the added information, but double-space both and alphabetize them according to the last name of the author . Use Always use citations and reference pages when you are writing a paper that includes third-party information or any type of research . Entries within annotated bibliographies are ordered alphabetically by the first component of the entry (usually the author) . As in MLA, APA reference lists use the letter-by-letter system, which means the order of names is determined by the letters before the commas between surnames and given names (MLA, 170) . 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The primary difference between the two is depth: Reference pages only list the sources cited in the document, while bibliographies list all the sources cited in the document along with additional sources that you didn't mention but still influenced your thought process or understanding of the subject matter.
An annotated bibliography is sometimes confused with a works cited/reference page. Although they do not differ too much, the difference is important. A works cited page (in MLA) or a reference page (in APA) is simply the first part of an annotated bibliography.
References are based on primary sources, whereas bibliography is created on the basis of primary and secondary sources. References used in the assignment can be arranged alphabetically or numerically. On the contrary, list of sources used in the bibliography is arranged numerically.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. What is APA Style annotated bibliography?
• A bibliography simply consists of a list of references. An annotated bibliography in addition to the list gives a brief summary or an account of the reference involved. • An annotated bibliography may help the author of the essay realize the relevance of the reference when composing the document.
The annotated bibliography will have a list of references used. However, it will also carry an extra annotation to describe what information the source has. Annotated bibliography vs. Reference page. A reference page is simply an author's list of all the sources used in a publication, including books, journals, articles, and magazines. It is ...
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source.
Annotated bibliographies can also be created with APA's cloud-based writing and research software called Academic Writer. Reference lists versus bibliographies is covered in the introduction to Chapter 9 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition Creating an APA Style Reference List (PDF, 179KB) From the APA Style blog Happy Halloween!
A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).
The page should be titled "References," and is arranged alphabetically by author last name. Example References entry: Middlekauff, R. (2007). The glorious cause: The American Revolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Bibliography. Bibliographies, on the other hand, differ greatly from Works Cited and References lists.
The annotated bibliography appears before the figures, tables, and appendices. Set the left, right, top, and bottom margins at 1 inch. The lines are double-spaced. The title should be "Annotated Bibliography." Format the heading in bold. Center align the title to the page. All references are aligned left in the annotated bibliography.
What's the Difference: Bibliography vs. Reference List? A bibliography, on the other hand, is a list of all the sources you consulted to write your paper. Even if you did not use them directly in your paper, you'll still list them in your bibliography. This is a key difference between works cited and bibliography.
A bibliography (sometimes called "works cited" or "references") is a list of citations you have gathered while researching a topic. These citations are created from your sources and provide your reader with important information on your sources, such as author, title, and publication of the source.
Title your page, "Annotated Bibliography". Center and bold it. Left-align references. If a reference runs over more than one line, any line(s) that comes after the first should be indented a ½ inch from the left margin. Organize your references alphabetically by the first word in the reference.
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A Works Cited page is a list of the references used in your research or in your paper. An Annotated Bibliography is a list of the references used in your research or in your paper, and also includes a brief paragraph containing a summary or evaluation of the sources, the annotation.
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Annotated bibliography vs . works cited/ reference page . An annotated bibliography is sometimes confused with a works cited/ reference page . Although they do not differ too much, the difference is important . A works cited page (in MLA) or a reference page (in APA) is simply the first part of an annotated bibliography . Definitions .